DIRECTOR: José Alayo Chinchayán |  EDICIÓN: Rafael Ramirez Coronado  |  jueves, 09 de septiembre de 2010 11:44:35 a.m.    
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Enfoque Sociocultural "LA CRIMINALIDAD EN TRUJILLO"

viernes, 22 de enero de 2010
En busca de escudriñar las causas de la inquietante espiral delictiva en nuestra ciudad, conversamos con el antropólogo, periodista, doctor en sociología y profesor universitario Alfredo Valle Riestra Ponce de León; cuyas opiniones ofrecemos seguidamente:
P: ¿Cómo visualiza la reciente evolución de la criminalidad en Trujillo?.

R: muchos comentarios se limitan a diagnosticarla, algunos pretendiendo limitarla en su gravedad, otros sobredimensionándola; éstos últimos, inducen inclusive a la falaz impresión de estar la ciudad “en manos del hampa”. Siendo necesario, debido a lo expuesto, adentrarse en la etiología del fenómeno y comprender sus complejos y diversos factores, teniendo en cuenta además, que unos resultan de gravitación nacional y otros, propios de Trujillo Metropolitano, ahora con 820,000 habitantes, el segundo conjunto demográfico del país.

En principio, toda la actuación social, se inscribe en ciertas evoluciones culturales y en el Perú, la llamada clase política ha producido un enrarecido ambiente de depresión axiológica, el cual, estimula y hasta retroalimenta lo delictivo, en todas sus formas, desde las de “cuello blanco” a las comunes.

Además, la constante y tenebrosa impunidad de esas agresiones antisociales es enormemente criminógena, en tanto, aquellas no sean debidamente sancionadas. Al respecto, el físico y criminólogo francés Alejandro Lacassagne, decía que “cada sociedad tiene la delincuencia que se merece” o diremos, engendra.

Esos aberrados paradigmas pueden de manera inexorable sedimentarse y asumirse como pautas en un prevaleciente escenario de antivalores. Lo cual, he denunciado en artículos publicados en La Industria, titulados: “La subcultura del faenón” (22.03.09), “Corrupción y tarjetazo político” (19.04.09) o “La corrupción y sus sombríos presagios” (07.11.09).

En sí, la cultura permisiva de la inmoralidad pública y el ocultamiento, en su sucio contubernio, forman la placenta cultural donde podrían descomponerse algunas instituciones tutelares o tornarse crecientemente disfuncionales, precipitando a la ciudadanía a la desconfianza o la desesperanza.


P: ¿Los medios comunicativos también contribuyen a la violencia?

Mucho de lo noticioso y el cine ficcional, explotan la violencia para conseguir rating, masificando desde hace décadas en las audiencias ciertos sesgos o “gusto” en favor de la agresividad social, lo cual, se introduce desde la niñez a través de los dibujos animados.

Un joven a los 18 años de edad, según las mediciones americanas, ha gastado alrededor de 14,200 horas de su vida en visionar televisión; empleando unas tres horas diarias. Y si consideramos, los promedios de 15 a 18 escenas violentas por hora, incorporadas desde los “espacios infantiles”,  habrá sido testigos de unos 210,000 o 260,000 actos irascibles. Es axiomático en aquel, quedarán ciertas secuelas de orden sicológico y cultural.

Justamente mi tesis de doctorado ha sido sobre la violencia mediática y sus efectos de imitación e instigación en los adolescentes, los cuales vienen provocando la degradación ética y estética de generaciones. Un aspecto de mi investigación tuve oportunidad de exponerlo como ponencia durante XI Encuentro Latinoamericano de Comunicación Social, en San Juan de Puerto Rico.

        
P: ¿Las actuales leyes dificultan la represión del hampa?.

Muchas voces responsabilizan a la legislación jurídico-penal de proteger excesivamente al delincuente en su ánimo garantista, pero el problema no está en las normas, sino en su aplicación, en manos de algunos operadores del sistema jurisdiccional a quienes les tiembla la mano para sancionar ejemplarmente o están atrapados en actos de corrupción.


P: No obstante, muchas veces se le hecha la culpa a la Policía.

R: En tanto, se ubica a la Policía Nacional en la primera línea de la lucha antisocial, suele acusársele de inacción. Esas resultan visiones présbitas e injusta, como lo explicamos en artículos sobre la materia: “El complejo fenómeno delictivo” y “Criminalidad y estrés ciudadano”, pues, es frecuente, aquella detenga al hampón, incluso en flagrancia o prontuariado y algún fiscal medroso o algo peor, lo libera.

Esta perspectiva lleva al ciudadano a sentirse en una creciente indefensión y  ello puede llevarle a aprobar medidas radicales o hasta contrarias al Estado Democrático de Derecho. Y, de hecho, si una sociedad se vuelve disfuncional frente al crimen, puede arrastrarnos a la oscura anomia (es decir, podríamos entrar en una situación de alteraciones sociales al quebrarse el orden legal).

La eclosión delictiva ha sobrepasado los esfuerzos para confrontarla, debido a carecer de políticas criminales adecuadas a la realidad social presente. Y también, por ejemplo, de cara al tráfico de los beneficios penitenciarios y el delito de receptación, cuyo tímido reproche penal ampara el mercado de hurtos y robos.
 
A la policía de otro lado, la población y los tres niveles de gobierno (central, regional y municipal) deben darle su pleno respaldo no sólo logístico (como vehículos), sino político y jurídico. Es absurdo, para decir lo menos, quien en cumplimiento de su función, hiere a un delincuente, deba sufragar los gastos de su defensa legal.


P: ¿Qué hacemos frente a esto?.

Habría de desarrollarse estrategias de prevención, las cuales representan el nuevo paradigma, particularmente, en los sectores de riesgo antisocial, como drogadictos y quienes internalizan ciertas subculturas; entre ellas, las barras bravas y los barrios donde elementos exógenos promueven la delincuencia de menores.

Y cambiando de paisaje, los Centros de Readaptación Social entrañan el mayor sofisma, en tanto, es lo que menos hacen y se constituyen en “escuelas de mayor criminalidad”, desde donde incluso se dirigen operaciones gansteriles, como la de sicarios y extorsiones. El celular, allí es un instrumento tecnológico que derrumba los barrotes y los muros de las prisiones.

¿Por qué la crecido tanto la delincuencia?.

En verdad, aquella no es nueva pero si el crimen organizado y la ferocidad como viene actuando en Trujillo Metropolitano. Existen quienes la relacionan al crecimiento comercial y agroexportador de la región liberteña, ello incide, pero definitivamente, no justifica semejantes evoluciones.

Es además, caer en el monismo o la causalidad económica como la única. Equivale en otro extremo, a afirmar que la delincuencia es originada sólo en la pobreza y el desempleo. Si esto, fuera cierto, la altiplanicie puneña tendría muy altos índices delictivos y contrariamente, Nueva York, “la capital del capitalismo”, los más bajos del mundo. Lo cual, es falso.

En Trujillo, pareciera haber la convergencia de las expuestas variables a nivel macro y otras como la insuficiente cantidad de efectivos policiales; por ejemplo, Arequipa con menor población urbana tiene unos 2,000 sobre los disponibles aquí; las evidentes deficiencias carcelarias y quizá no haber estados bien preparados para el novísimo código de procedimientos penales.

No obstante, un aspecto de incidencia sería el haberse convertido nuestra región en un centro del narcotráfico. Lo cual, es de lóbrega prognosis, máxime, si sabemos de su enorme poder corrosivo en las distintas esferas de la sociedad.

Se actúa ahora o mañana ya será tarde y como afirmaba Edmund Biurke, “lo único que necesita la maldad para triunfar es que los hombre buenos no hagan para impedirlo”. En suma, vencer al mal con la fuerza del bien, decía San Pablo y lo recordó en su visita a nuestro país Juan Pablo II.  


Entrevista de Luis Miguel Gonzáles Rossell a
Alfredo Valle Riestra Ponce de León,
publicada en el Suplemento Dominical de "La Industria" el 20.12.2009

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